Nickel

Name, symbol, number	nickel, Ni, 28
Element category	transition metal
Group, period, block	10, 4, d
Standard atomic weight	58.6934(2) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 4s1 3d9
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 17, 1 (Image)
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	8.908 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	7.81 g·cm−3
Melting point	1728 K, 1453 °C, 2651 °F
Boiling point	3186 K, 2732 °C, 5275 °F
Heat of fusion	17.48 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	377.5 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 26.07 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 1783 1950 2154 2410 2741 3184
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4[1], 3, 2, 1 [2], -1 (mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	1.91 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 737.1 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1753.0 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 3395 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	124 pm
Covalent radius	124±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	163 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	face-centered cubic
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 69.3 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 90.9 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 13.4 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) 4900 m·s−1
Young's modulus	200 GPa
Shear modulus	76 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.31
Mohs hardness	4.0
Vickers hardness	638 MPa
Brinell hardness	700 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-02-0
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of nickel
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 56Ni syn 6.075 d ε - 56Co γ 0.158, 0.811 - 58Ni 68.077% 58Ni is stable with 30 neutrons 59Ni trace 76000 y ε - 59Co 60Ni 26.233% 60Ni is stable with 32 neutrons 61Ni 1.14% 61Ni is stable with 33 neutrons 62Ni 3.634% 62Ni is stable with 34 neutrons 63Ni syn 100.1 y β− 0.0669 63Cu 64Ni 0.926% 64Ni is stable with 36 neutrons
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Nickel

↑ Ni ↓ Pd 28Ni Periodic table
Appearance
lustrous, metallic, and silvery with a gold tinge
General properties

is a chemical element, with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. It is one of the four ferromagnetic elements at about room temperature, the other three being iron, cobalt and gadolinium.

The use of nickel has been traced as far back as 3500 BC, but it was first isolated and classified as a chemical element in 1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who initially mistook its ore for a copper mineral. Its most important ore minerals are laterites, including limonite and garnierite, and pentlandite. Major production sites include Sudbury region in Canada, New Caledonia and Norilsk in Russia. The metal is corrosion-resistant, finding many uses in alloys, as a plating, in the manufacture of coins, magnets and common household utensils, as a catalyst for hydrogenation, and in a variety of other applications. Enzymes of certain life-forms contain nickel as an active center, which makes the metal an essential nutrient for those life forms.